10 Most Common Questions About Family Tree Research

Contradictory Characterisations of Women in Shakespeares...

Contradictory Characterisations of Women in Shakespeares Othello Othello opens with a discussion between two men concerning the fate of a very beautiful woman named Desdemona. One of the men is distraught, having tried to win her love but miserably failed, and the other agrees that she is quite a prize. A prize is not just a name for Desdemona, as her humanity is lost somewhere along the way and she ceases to be anything but a prize to be won. Both men are angry and want to seek revenge against the man who won her, slandering Desdemona’s name in the process. Their superior and rival, the man who won Desdemona, is none other than Othello. Othello has proven the two men inferior, obtaining what they could not. The two other†¦show more content†¦The three womens eventual destinies are interlinked with the plays central symbol: the handkerchief. Women are major characters in Shakespeares plays. In Othello women are treated no different. They are defined rather uniquely. These definitions inhibit upon Shakespearean society. Women in that era were supposed to be obedient, silent and chaste. If a lady were not any of these aforementioned characteristics, then she would not be acceptable by the norms of the Elizabethan society. Desdemona disobeys the standards set by Elizabethan society, she is not silent and obedient at the questioning of Othello. She, in fact, disobeys her Father to be with her husband. She speaks up for Othello at the hearing and implores the Duke to allow her to go to Cyprus, something that women just do not do. In the end, her quality of being chaste would be questioned by Othello. By his own method he determines that she is guilty of infidelity. Desdemona occupies contradictory positions in Othello, she is both half the wooer (an active female who makes her own choices to marry Othello and to defend Cassio) and the passive prey or victim. Her husband, Othello, truly loves her, yet he thinks less of how she feels and more of how she makes him happy. The momentShow MoreRelatedWhat is the importance of setting and geography in William Shakespeares Othello?1685 Words   |  7 Pagesjealousy, deception and passion interwoven through the text of Othello make the story riveting. But before we can understand why events take place and characters motivations it is important to analyse the geographical arena in which the story of Othello and the moral struggles of the characters are brought to life. By including real locations, which Elizabethans would have herd of, the play appears to be more realistic. Othello is reasonably geographically accurate and this helps to make the

The Concept of Justice Free Essays

string(156) " a person engaging in injustice will most likely become wealthy in physical attributes, he lacks the fundamental virtues and characteristics of a good man\." Socrates and Aristotle both have contrasting views of the concept of justice which serves to influence their notions of an ideal constitution. The abstract, speculative ideas of Socrates will be compared and contrasted with the practical, sensory ones of Aristotle in matters concerning justice and politics. Both Aristotle and Socrates disagree with regards to the definition of justice and what qualities are attributed to a just person. We will write a custom essay sample on The Concept of Justice or any similar topic only for you Order Now According to Aristotle, a just person must follow the law and refrain from greed. In the opinion of Socrates, greed consists of taking more than what is required to survive. He stresses the importance of prudence and temperance in the lives of a just person. Aristotle, however, states that a greedy person is someone who does not understand the difference between taking what is good and what is not good. A wealthy person can also be just. Aristotle provides two different types of justice which he labels distributive and rectifactory justice. Distributive justice is concerned with the distribution of money, honour, and other resources amongst those who have a share in public organization. Equality is of the greatest importance when distributing goods. Rectifactory justice concerns transactions between individuals in which both parties mutually exchange goods or services. Through both of these means Aristotle seeks to provide justice in the written law of his polis which is devoted to the advantage of all. However, Socrates views justice as the harmonious parts of the person or of a city. A just man, therefore, is in just the right place and doing his best to perform his function. He claims that the function of a human being is deliberation, ruling, living, and taking care of things. The ideas of Aristotle differ greatly from this perspective. He states that the human function is to perform activities that express reason. Socrates views his ideal city in which every person performs his or her function. His views pertain to the community in which a person lives while Aristotle’s views are more individualistic as someone who expresses reason in his logic can do so without other people or his community. In the Republic, Socrates attempts to illustrate his views with the parable of the ship. The unjust city is like an open ocean crewed by a powerful but drunken captain (representing the ignorant common people), a group of untrustworthy advisors (politicians), and a navigator (the philosopher). The only way the ship will reach its destination, the good, is if the navigator takes charge. Philosophers, who are lovers of wisdom, should rule because they understand what is good and just. It is also the opinion of Socrates that people who have been the victims of injustice are more likely to become unjust themselves. He disagrees with the notion that returning debts owed, helping friends, and harming enemies are not suitable reasons for doing injustice: â€Å"So if someone tells us it is just to give to each what he is owed and understands by this that a just man should harm his enemies and benefit his friends, the one who says it is not wise. I mean, what he says is not true. For it has become clear to us that it is never just to harm anyone† (Plato, Republic, 335e). A wise person would understand that it is not beneficial to his soul to do injustice only to his enemies. A wise person, according to Socrates would never harm anyone. He maintains that a kind just ruler judges what is best for his people and holds their interests in greater esteem than his friends or family: â€Å"†¦ No one in any position of rule†¦ considers or enjoins what is advantageous for himself, but what is advantageous for his subjects† (Plato, Republic, 342e). A ruler who performs acts of injustice is, by nature, more prone to corruption and tyranny. In this way he gives increased support to his argument concerning philosophers as rulers of the polis. Socrates and Aristotle also differ in their opinions as to which form of government is best to rule the polis. Socrates defends the notion that the city would best be governed by the philosopher-kings; a group of people who had endured rigorous mental and physical training for the majority of their lives. They would govern together as a group or an oligarchy. Aristotle recognizes the fact that it is possible for an oligarchy to degenerate into a tyranny, which is the worst possible state. He recommends the formation of a polity or a democracy as the lesser of two evils. Socrates draws a fine line between ignorance and wisdom. It is, in fact, recognizing what one does not know from what one knows. Therefore, if one cannot recognize the virtue of justice, one must be said to be ignorant: â€Å"†¦ if justice is indeed wisdom and virtue, it will be easy to show, I suppose, that it is stronger than injustice, since injustice is ignorance† (Plato, Republic, 351a). Wisdom is undoubtedly the more esteemed when compared with ignorance and consequently justice must be better esteemed than injustice. However, Socrates is confronted with arguments in favour of injustice. He attempts to defend justice as being more profitable than injustice: â€Å"†¦ that to do injustice is naturally good and to suffer injustice bad†¦ The best is to do injustice without paying the penalty; the worst is to suffer it without taking revenge† (Plato, Republic, 358e). In other words, it is acceptable and encouraged for someone to perform acts of injustice as long as he is not found out and does not suffer the consequences. If however, an act of injustice is carried out against someone, it is the duty of the victim to take revenge on him. Socrates points out that this course of action leads only to unimportant material gain. Thrasymachus claims that committing acts of injustice without being caught is more profitable to one’s reputation and would allow one to achieve more. Socrates acknowledges that although a person engaging in injustice will most likely become wealthy in physical attributes, he lacks the fundamental virtues and characteristics of a good man. You read "The Concept of Justice" in category "Essay examples" The virtue of something is the state or property that makes it good. For instance, the virtue of a man may include his intelligence, courage, or sense of justice. Justice, in this case, is a moral behaviour which is said to belong to virtuous people. Therefore, justice itself is a virtue. Thrasymachus’ argument has no merit because a man who strives to achieve more by acquiring material wealth through committing acts of injustice lacks the more esteemed virtues of wisdom and justice. It is also the opinion of Socrates that just people are happier and live better lives than unjust ones. He is, of course, talking about the happiness of the soul rather than its shell, the body. Much as the virtue of the eyes is to see and the virtue of the ears to hear, the virtue of the soul is justice: â€Å"†¦ ustice is a soul’s virtue and justice its vice† (Plato, Republic, 353e). It is more profitable for a person to be just than unjust, as he will be giving his soul its virtue and therefore living a happy life. Better is the poor man with a good just soul than the rich man who has made his wealth through vice with a tainted soul. However, it must be pointed out that although Socrates claims that justice leads to happiness, he deprives the rulers of his city of happiness, though they are supposed to be trained in justice and wisdom. As Aristotle states: â€Å"†¦ ven though Socrates deprives the guardians of their happiness, he says that the legislator should make the whole city-state happy. But it is impossible for the whole to be happy unless all, most, are some of its parts are happy† (Aristotle, Politics, 1264b). Socrates thought it was crucial that the guardians were not given the sort of happiness which would no longer make them guardians. For a potter who is given jewels and riches no longer practices the art of pottery and so is no longer considered a potter. Likewise, a guardian must not be given wealth or earthly comforts but remain content with his role. Aristotle argues that even if the guardian class is not happy, it is impossible for the craftsmen, farmers, and lower classes to be happy. Without happiness, there is no justice. Socrates also claims that just people are able to work together in order to achieve a common goal. He maintains that just people working together are able to get along without doing injustice amongst themselves: â€Å"†¦ just people are wiser and better and more capable of acting, while unjust ones are not even able to act together† (Plato, Republic, 352c). Injustice causes factions, hatreds, and quarrels among people and friends. A band of robbers with a common unjust purpose would not be able to achieve it if they are unjust amongst themselves. Injustice provides conditions in which it is impossible for people to work together. Therefore, injustice prevents the different parts of the soul from working together toward a common goal. In the case of friendship and justice, Socrates and Aristotle seem to be in mutual accord. Aristotle believes friendship and comradeship to be one of the key components of leading a good life. He viewed justice as the equitability or fairness in interpersonal relations. Virtuous habits can be acquired within a moral community which ultimately leads to a virtuous and moral life. Socrates believes that the nature of the state is analogous with the nature of the individual and the nature of the soul. The soul comprises of three key principles which he calls reason, appetite, and spirit. Justice in the individual is harmony among the principles of the soul achieved by rationality and reason. He believes that the guardians have achieved harmony within their souls and so must be considered just. Since the faculties of an individual correspond on a smaller scale to that of the state, justice must also exist in the individual. Socrates believes in unity, as expressed by his confidence in the ability of just people to work together and of the family structure in the Republic. Women and children are to be shared communally by the guardians. No one woman, child, or possession is to belong to one man but rather to be shared by the whole. The well-being of the polis is placed before the well-being of an individual. Aristotle agrees that unity needs to be present to a certain extent within a city but alleges that a man who can call something his own takes more pride in it. He loves a son he can call his own more than a boy who is a son of every man. He also takes more pride in his work when he knows that what he is producing will benefit himself and his family. Socrates claims that temperance is the path to happiness and virtue and a person should only own what he needs to live temperately. Aristotle disagrees with this notion and states that it is possible to live temperately and wretchedly; the lack of property does not necessarily lead to a good life. A good person can be good even independently of the society. However, a good person is a good citizen and a good citizen can exist only as a part of the social structure. In this way, the state is, in a sense, prior to the citizen. It is evident Socrates and Aristotle share the common belief that justice is undoubtedly more beneficial than injustice. However, their definitions of justice vary greatly. The main and most crucial difference between the perspectives of Aristotle and Socrates is their view of friendship and unity. Aristotle believes that the virtue of justice encompasses all other virtues because it treats the interactions between people rather than just the dispositions of the individual. Socrates believes that the virtue of justice is first and foremost beneficial to one’s soul. Despite their contrasting views, both Aristotle and Socrates believe that justice is one of the highest and most sought after virtues. If one is to have a good life, one must be just. How to cite The Concept of Justice, Essay examples

Analysis of Southern Lights CC

Question: Analysis of Southern Lights CC,Explain Briefly What is Meant by Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats. Answer: Introduction Due to changes in business operation globally, it is essential to keep business process with the current situation. Currently, all businesses are changing marketing mix strategies so as to increase the sales of their product. (Michaux, Cadiat, Probert, 2015). Managers must know the segment under their operation so as to retain existing customers and also be ready to acquire new segment with potential clients. Business should design their products accordance to customer wants and specification. When it comes to marketing, various methods such as a personal selling, advertising through the media or direct selling is crucial. SWOT analysis should be very subjective, easy and straightforward to use, realistic, specific and focus on the present and future position of the business. First, strengths are one of the important aspects of the SWOT analysis which is an internal factor in the firm. It could entail having the market expertise, proper allocation of premises or introduction of the innovative commodity (Mullins Walker, 2013). In the strength analysis, one can look at for 4ps of marketing strategies. Due to changing in global trend on, it of an essence to segment the market accurately; know the existing loyal customers and part with new potential clients. The advantages organization has over the competitive and what they can do what other competitive are doing are important. Therefore strengths entail; what does your firm have better the competitor and what advantages do you possess that keeps you unique. Also, strength could help mean what factors contribute to your sales. Finally, strength can be sho w of how cost effective you can be more than other. Secondly, weakness is one of the internal factors surrounding the business. Weakness is either in the form of similar products, bad reputation, and poor quality product and lack market expertise. Therefore, weakness focuses more on factors contributing to the reduction of sales. Another problem is about corporate social responsibility. Corporate social responsibilities enable real relationship of the company and its surrounding. Therefore, CSR allows capturing new market segment and retaining the existing clients. Analyzing your potential financial is of value since it can also help in case you want to expand your business which will result in a high return on investment (Byrd Megginson, 2013). Weakness shows you should do and what to avoid. Similarly, weakness can tell the factors contributing to the lower sales capacity. Strengths and weaknesses are internals factors and come in the form of human resources, past experiences, financial, physical resources or processes Opportunities show what current trends and better opportunities do you see. Opportunities can be due to change in technology, government policies or local event. Opportunities as an external factor can also come in the form of acquiring market segment belonging to an ineffective competitor (Michaux, Cadiat, Probert, 2015). Managers should check if the weakness can change to be possibilities and if the existing strengths can bring new opportunities for the business venture. So the managers should check the interesting trends and spot the right opportunities that their competitor is not seeing. Finally, a threat comprises the external factors affecting the company. Additionally, production differentiation is important in a different place according to the age, race, culture, gender and social class (Michaux, Cadiat, Probert, 2015). Threats can come in the form of unfair price competition, a new competitor in the market, new legislation like taxes and also competitor having an active distribution channel. Thus threats can tell what the competitors are doing and what problems they are currently facing. Deviation from the set standard can be a threat to your business. Moreover, due to change in technology can contribute threats since it can compromise high standard output. Consequently, opportunities and threats are an external factor that could influence economic, future trends, physical environment, legislation or demographic change. SWOT analysis can identify the barriers in order to explore new solutions. Additionally, SWOT is can resolve the direction which is most real and discloses the likelihoods of change. Finally SWOT acts as brainstorming tool when discovering innovative solution to a problem. Southern lights company SWOT analysis Of utmost importance is strengths of southern lights; that they can do on the job and off job training, which necessary for the improvement of products; lamps production increase from 3500 to 6000. Customers relationship of southern lights sounds right. Southern lights have to do proper and efficient pricing method. Similarly, by providing a better price, they have managed to deliver the product to the potential customers at the right and the right place. Southern should analyze accurately what other competitors are doing that they are not doing. Another issue is that the Southern Lights have no proper selling method such as advertising and direct personal selling. Southern light has proved there is no direct contact with their customers. Additionally, Ricardo and Marcia have no other source of the income in case the southern lights company comes under financial crisis Opportunities can be market depending on internet usage, venturing into the new market segment and discovering a new international market or forming mergers like in the case of Ricardo and Marcia. Southern lights are using a very sophisticated machine which shows that they are in better place concerning the technology. Southern lights can increase the production of the lights due to improvement in the device and also use of qualifies personnel. Southern lights have future trends in place; being serving both locally, nationally and internally. Lastly, Southern lights have improper market segmentation regarding the geographical and demographical location. Thus, Ricardo and Marcia should be familiar with changing population pattern and lifestyle in a particular segment. Ricardo and Marcia should focus on the large competitor who would possibly wipe out the market segment they already possess. Another is looking into the law or legislation which would make it hard for the business operation of the southern lights Conclusion Clearly, we have seen irrespective of the southern lights having some weakness; it has done a lot regarding achieving much in its functioning. Additionally, Ricardo and Marcia have done extra hard to venture new market globally. This expansion will create more sales hence high return on investment. Carrying SWOT analysis of the southern lights it will assist in identifying the barriers of objectives implementation. References Byrd, M., Megginson, L. (2013). Small business management: an entrepreneur's guidebook. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill. Michaux, S., Cadiat, A., Probert, C. (2015). Porter's Five Forces. Namur: 50Minutes: 50Minutes.com. Mullins, J., Walker, O. (2013). Mullins, J. W., Walke Marketing management: a strategic decision-making approach. New York: McGraw-Hill.

The Pros Cons of Ethics in Accounting Essay Example

The Pros Cons of Ethics in Accounting Essay Articles on: â€Å"A Study on â€Å"The pros and cons of Ethics in accounting practice in India† Author: 1Author: 2 Dr. Giridhar K. V. Mr. Krishna M. M. Assistant Professor,Faculty Member, Department of MBA,Department of Commerce Management, Sahyadri Arts Commerce College,Sahyadri Arts Commerce College, Kuvempu University,Kuvempu University Shimoga-577203. Shimoga-577203. e-mail: giridhar. [emailprotected] come-mail: krishna. [emailprotected] com Cell No. : 9980647833Cell No. 9611473965 Ph. No. : 08182-240022 Ph. No. 08128-401758 Office Address: Sahyadri Arts Commerce College (Constituent college of Kuvempu University), Shimoga-577203. Abstract: â€Å"A Study on â€Å"The pros and cons of Ethics in accounting practice in India† Introduction: All business dealings invariably involve finance and accounting. Everything that a business does has accounting ramifications. Most of the ethical issues in accounting are concerned with accounting statements. Internal financial reporting has to be honest, fair and reliable for an organization to perform effectively. Most business failures are associated with either marketing failure, like failure in selling products or mismanagement in operations. Any of these above failures will always have financial implications. When businesses are weakened due to bad debts or mismatched funding or under capitalization, companies are often tempted to falsify the accounts. It is here that the importance of ethics in accounting statements comes in. This paper discusses the importance of ethics in accounting. Statement of the Problem: We will write a custom essay sample on The Pros Cons of Ethics in Accounting specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Pros Cons of Ethics in Accounting specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Pros Cons of Ethics in Accounting specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The accounting and auditing profession is now facing increased ethical demands due to the corporate scandals. Therefore, we think it would be interesting to investigate the level of ethical reasoning of accountants and auditors. Objectives of the Study: The aim of the study is, from an Indian perspective, to examine the level of ethical reasoning among auditors and accountants when facing an ethical dilemma. Methodology: This paper gives a short presentation of the approach we have chosen for our study. This is followed by information about our data collection, sample, survey and interviews. Finally, the validity and reliability of the study are presented. Theoretical framework: This part gives a presentation of ethics in business, ethics in accounting and ethical reasoning in decision-making. The theory starts out from a broad perspective as a background to our problem for the reader to understand the issue before introducing the main problem; the ethical reasoning among accountants and auditors. Analysis: In this part we combine the theoretical framework with the results from the empirical findings. The results are analyzed and discussed. Conclusion: Accounting is undergoing rapid transition. The changing environment has not only extended the boundaries of accounting but also created a problem in defining the scope of the ethical aspects. However all attempts have been made in this paper to provide a solid foundation covering ethics and also the crucial aspects on which accountants can build upon and achieve success. References: 1. E John Larsen – 1992 – Modern Advanced Accounting, Mc Graw Hill 2. ICFAI Research Bureau – December 2003 – Business Ethics and Corporate Governance, IUP (ICFAI University Press) 3. ICFAI Research Bureau – September 2009 – Case Study in Business Ethics and Corporate Governance, IUP (ICFAI University Press) 4. ICFAI Research Bureau – April 2005 – Accounting For Managers, IUP (ICFAI University Press) 5. http://business-ethics. com/ 6. http://web-miner. com/busethics. htm

Warfare essays

Warfare essays From the beginning of time we have all seen things grow and evolve to bigger and better things. Take the t.v. for example. This magnificent invention has evolved from being black and white, to high definition color, surround sound, and can fit in your pants pocket no problem. Other creations in life have evolved as well, especially in the art of warfare. Today with the push of a single button entire countries are able to be destroyed. The accuracy and efficiency of the guns in this era are mind boggling. Deadly weapons are now the size of a hand and can be carried nearly everywhere without being noticed. This is just a glimpse at todays warfare technology. Back in the day, when men were men, they did not have grenades or machine guns to mow down their enemy. They had to do it the old fashioned way, hand to hand combat. Over the thousands of years of mans existence, he has helped shaped the growth of technology in warfare. From 1300 to 1660 Europes warfare underwent its most enormous transformation; gunpowder, mobile and effective cannon, and reasonably useful small firearms had a profound effect, both in the technology of war and its social organization. The saying, its not the size of the dog in the fight but rather the size of the fight in the dog, is a perfect quote for the Battle Of Agincourt. The date was Oct. 25, 1415 (Keegan 78). Henry V of England was in pursuit of the French throne and had an army of about 10,000 men at his side. They invaded Normandy in August 1415; winning battle after battle. As months progressed the English army diminished to about half because of disease and battle casualties. King Henry V attempted to leave and regroup but was stopped in his tracks by a French army totaling 20,000 to 30,000 men(Keegan 88,90). They had mounted knights in heavy armor and were ready for battle against the E...

Do cuts in UK government spending affect UK secondary education exam Essay

Do cuts in UK government spending affect UK secondary education exam results - Essay Example European models were based on the assumption that only a certain portion of the population needed and could profit from a college education. U.S. goals ambitiously sought the higher education of 25-50% of the population. The community college served all that desired an education, mostly the unserved populations of adult, (and) full-time workers with families† (Newman, Renee M, 1998). Primary education was the first to receive early government recognition. However, funds management was not encouraging. However, efforts to effectively fund primary school activities continued. Secondary education came in for recognition for support later on depending on the government of the land (Evaluation of World Bank’s Support for Primary Education, 2007). Statistically, secondary education in the United Kingdom is already facing flak due to the below average treatment secondary education is getting. On the one hand, there is below average salaries for secondary education teachers and on the other, there is drop out rate of 30% in secondary education in the UK (Curtis, Polly, 2009). Fundamentally and technically, the cut in spending does not amount to over  £100 million which is just a fraction of the  £85 billion the UK spends annually on education for the year 2010-11. However, the figure could trigger cascading effect in spending that attracts experience and talents. The UK is still counted as the Mecca for education and it holds the distinction as the best education provider in terms of facilities (UK providing assistance for tertiary education facilities, 2009). Better put, the question should be: is government spending the determinant to exam results for the UK secondary education? The motivation to study comes from students determined to do well academically for future prospects and better personality. Secondary school students are normally well versed in the need for higher studies. Educational costs cannot be the determining factor for

VIRTUAL WORLDS, VIDEO GAMES &GAMES Research Paper

VIRTUAL WORLDS, VIDEO GAMES &GAMES - Research Paper Example It does mean that a great number of relationships are built on false ideas about the other, the identity created in order to support an ideal that the user has defined. The following paper will take a look at the identity of the user in relationship to social identity theory and in the way in which gender is utilized as an aspect of play. The paper first explores the nature of the created identity through examining the development of the avatar. The gaming avatar is the virtualized visual element that represents the online created identity. This includes the aspect of gender which is explored through the choices that are made and the reasons behind those choices. Finally, sexuality and the representation of the created identity as a shield to the real identity are discussed. This creates a discussion about how the online created identity reflects and also does not reflect the real self through social identity theory and a variety of other theories that have an impact on the topic. The use of the examples of Second Life and World of Warcraft to provide for two different types of games will round out the exploration of this paper. The final discussio n will include ideas of gender, sexuality, and the created online identity in order to form an analysis of the phenomenon. The avatar gives the individual the opportunity to define themselves through choices that are consciously made rather than imposed. The individual can become whomever they choose in the context of the game while using the tools that are provided in order to create the sense of identity that is intended within the game environment. The online game identity is a pure creation in which only what a person chooses to show will be revealed. This is not to say that elements of the true self will not come through, but it does mean that there is a great deal of control through which the development of the identity can be

Questions 4 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Questions 4 - Essay Example The Clean Water Act (CWA) gave the EPA the responsibility for establishing and maintaining a set of clean water standards, as well as making funding available to sewage plants to reduce water pollution. The CWA regulates water pollution nationwide, controls the discharge of pollutants from large industrial plants as well as sewage plants. In addition, the CWA set standards for pollutants that require a permit to discharge and set standards for sewage runoff. The goals of the CWA were to reduce and eliminate the toxins that come as the result of industrial operations and reduce the "fertilizer, animal waste, motor oil, and pesticides from farms, streets, and lawns" from being discharged into bodies of water (Provisions II). Primary, secondary, and tertiary water treatment is a three phase process of purifying water to take it from the sewage state and return it to a potable state by a series of cleanings. The primary stage removes any large objects such as household trash that has entered the system as well as sand and gravel. It additionally may go through a sedimentation phase to remove heavy deposits of grease and oil. The secondary stage is a series of filters and processes that further clean the water and breakdown the biological components. The tertiary stage raises the quality of the water through purification and makes it ready to be re-used. If the climate of the planet warms significantly it would have a substantial impact on the hydrologic cycle. The oceans would warm and evaporate more water, resulting in greater rain and snowfall. In addition, the poles would melt and raise the levels of the oceans. They would have a greater surface area, which would also contribute to an increase in evaporation. If the planet were to cool, it would have the opposite effect. The seasons would become dryer as there would be less evaporated water vapor to create rain. In addition, much

GSM based Wireless Notice Board

GSM based Wireless Notice Board 2.2 BACKGROUND The use of scrolling display boards for advertisement is becoming common these days at various shops, shopping centers, railway and bus stations and other such places. It is becoming an effective mode for communicating with the public and providing them information. The issue with such displays is when frequent updating of the messages is required. It becomes inflexible, time consuming and a technician needs to go to that location of display board and plug the computer to it and then update it. it doesnt give the flexibility to change the message from any remote place. Another issue is with the placement of display boards, it cannot be placed at any place due to its complex and delicate wiring. 2.3 To overcome such problems, I designed a GSM based Wireless LED notice board. It is basically a display system that uses real time noticing, b sending messages through mobile phone in the form of SMS. In such system, there is no requirement of reprogramming the code to update or change the message that needs to be updated as the whole process is based on wireless technology. A multiplexing method is used to drive the LEDs. And the power requirement for display module is also reduced. 2.4 OBJECTIVES I aimed to develop a moving sign board which can be controlled by the user by sending a SMS. The user can change the scrolling/display message immediately unlike the old device which requires personal attention at the location using a desk bound device like PC or laptop. My project will let user update it even from a remote distance. Once the message is displayed and is in use, it gets deleted from the system memory to allow new updates to be stored and making space for upcoming SMS. Also, I wanted to design a model which has reduced complexity and simplified hardware and wiring requirements. 2.5 Wireless technology is an upcoming technology, due to this reason I planned a project based on it. It implements the wireless communication between a mobile phone and a display board. It uses a combined feature of microcontroller and wireless technology to construct an accurate and effective communication system.   The user makes use of a simple GSM based mobile handset which will help in sending messages for display purpose via SMS to various display boards. A GSM modem is used at the receiver end which detects and receives upcoming new messages. Proper coding is set in the microcontroller which gives AT commands to read the SMS that is received from the modem and is then stored in the microcontroller. 2.6 The nature of my project initially was research and survey based along with problem solving. I had to consider the safety issue and fast track transmission of the information. The duties I was required to perform are: I had to divide the project in smaller parts and assign time-duration for each task. I was involved in intensive research and analysis based on the topic of interest for my project. I had to perform survey on various microcontrollers, peripheral devices for e.g. LCD, transmitter and receiver circuits, GSM and many more based on the need of the project. I projected a schematic diagram with the help of ORCAD software. I designed the PCB layout. After having the PCB layout I was required to make the hardware structure. Which was followed by writing the code for the working of the device. Lastly, it involved preparation of report and presentation for the entire project. It was my duty to keep my project guide updated with the progress of the project. 2.7 PROFESSIONAL ENGINEERING ACTIVITY To begin working on my project, I started studying topics of interest and related to my project. After processing and analyzing the information found based on my survey, I started designing the block diagram for my project. I used ORCAD software to design the schematic diagram. It was a new software for me, so it took time in understanding its functions and tools. I structured my drawing in such a way that the project focuses on the transmission of textual data through air interface with the help of GSM through asynchronous serial communication. When a unique pass key is entered, the data gets displayed on the LCD. Also, it will receive and accept data from dedicated and registered user only by performing address matching. 2.8 Various components that were used are described below: Power supply I used a step-down transformer of 230V primary to 5V secondary voltage that would give a power supply of +5V. This circuit also provides a variable 12V supply to the motor drivers. GSM Modem    in the receiving section, it consists of a slot which holds the SIM card. The SIM stores the messages that are sent by the user. It works on single supply voltage of 3.4V 4.5V. Max232 level convertor it is a dual driver or receiver which acts as an interface medium between the microcontroller and the modem. Microcontroller I used the 89S52 microcontroller which is a 40-pin powerful controller which consists of several features. It provides a special feature of data signal and clock signal which is required for scrolling the messages. 648 LED dot matrix it is formed by wiring multiple LEDs together in rows and columns. It is done so that it minimizes the number of pins that are required to drive them. Each character is displayed by scanning of either rows or columns. Shift register IC74LS154 it is a high speed 8bit Serial-In Parallel-Out shift register. I have made use of shift register to minimize the number of I/O pins that would be used to drive the column of LED matrix. Crystal 11.0592MHz such high value crystal helps in reducing the flickering effect that is seen in the LEDs. 2.9 After finalizing the components, I went ahead to connect each component to the PCB. After laying out the PCB me and was shown to my project guide for any improvement possibility and to get feedback on it. After getting the final confirmation from my supervisor I connected the components and completed the full hardware structure. The next task was writing the code for its functioning. I prepared a flow chart to follow a well-defined path while writing the code. I used keil Microvision software to write my code. It develops a HEX file which can be loaded into the microcontroller. I wrote my programming code in Embedded C language. I divided my working in two parts, so the code was written in two parts. 2.10 The display process begins by writing 0 on all rows. This will result in blanking out of all LEDs at the beginning. The microcontroller uses ASCII code for each character that must be displayed. It uses this value to access the corresponding display pattern in a character look up table. The display will be sent out to the display shift register in serial manner. For but with value 1, the LED will be kept off and for bit with value 0, the LED will be kept on. This process gets repeated for first line of the other five display matrix. And thus, enabling the first pin. The same process is repeated for every row till all the rows are displayed. In row scanning, appropriate logic levels are set and passed to the columns and each row is selected for about 1ms time. Thus, creating a persistence of vision effect and the image is displayed as a still perceived image. The microcontroller uses and generated a HEX value for every character that needs to be displayed. 2.11 The second part involves scrolling of the message. This effect is achieved by defining seven display buffers, each of size 32 bits and stores the bit information of 648 LED in the matrix. The scrolling process for displaying the message begins from right to left. All the column values for all the rows are shifted to the left direction by giving a suitable volume of shift step. This will help to move the character from right to left. After successfully shifting of the character, the row values of next character are taken up. This is done after scrolling it for 5 time per character to accommodate many characters simultaneously. For every shift, the display buffer gets updated. Every character is shifted six times to fully load into the display buffer. Thus, the process continues until all the characters in the messages are loaded. After loading of each character, the message will continue to scroll until a new message is received. The microcontroller automatically stops the display and extracts the new message from SIM card on the arrival of new message. It then executes the above cycle for new display process which scrolls down the new message. 2.12 On completion of the software and hardware part of my project, I performed a test run on it to check the working of the project. On facing difficulties, I performed troubleshooting on the whole system and gave it a run again. Constant helped was received by my faculty members during any difficulty. Major problem faced by me was in completing the programming code of the model. As my projects main heart was the software. I referred many software books and coding languages to understand the problem and solve it. Another issue was related to the receiving the signal from the GSM module to the microcontroller. I thought the problem was in the GSM module, but on later evaluation of the problem, I came to know the problem was in the connection, the input pins for the microcontroller was mismatched and soldered in wrong place. To rectify the issue, I studied my circuit diagram again and soldered it to the correct place. 2.13 SUMMARY To conclude, my project explains each development step I took for designing the GSM based notice board by integrating features of all hardware components used. Each module is reasoned out and placed carefully, thus making the unit to work best. The speed of the display can be controlled through the software and the message is displayed as required. Keeping a good scope open for future use in various industries such as food industry, in trains, in educational institute etc. The project gave me a good experience in my own field. I developed many technical skills, managerial skills, and problem solving skills. I believe I made a good use of my academic knowledge that I had gained during my bachelors and applied it to my project. The project was successfully completed on time. I gave weekly report and presentation to the project guide.

Jesus & Buddha :: essays research papers

Jesus & Buddha Disciple?: I have heard that you are two of the wisest men in the land and so I have come to you in hopes of advise. I am scared for my future and for the future of my newborn   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  daughter. Can you tell me what is in store for us or give me an assurance me that we   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  will be all right? Jesus: Do not worry about your life. Do not worry about food, drink, the body. Life is more than these things. Believe in your heavenly Father. He knows what you need and will provide you with it if you practice and have faith in his teachings. Strive for the kingdom of God and his righteousness and all these things will be given to you as well. Buddha: No. Comfort in the present and future must come from inside the self , not from   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  a God. In meditation you will find the truth of life that will set you free from worry.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Don't chase after the past,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Don't seek the future;   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The past is gone   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The future hasn't come   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  But see clearly on the spot   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  That object which is now,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  While finding and living in   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A still, unmoving state of mind.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  This focus on the present is the beginning of the path to enlightenment which is comfort   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  through understanding. When you are able to keep your mind focused on the present   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  in a ‘still, unmoving state of mind' you have reached enlightenment, where you will be beyond all emotion including suffering and worry. Jesus: That is not so. A search for the entire true of life can never make you content in   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  your life because you can never know everything there is. That is for God alone to know. To enter the kingdom of heaven you must have faith in our Father. You must trust in His wisdom even in hard times. For to know all and understand all you would be a god. And putting yourself on a platform with God is disrespectful and   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  blasphemous. But if you follow His laws your suffering will end in the hereafter. Buddha: Truth is available to all people not just gods. For truth is in all things in the   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  universe. We only have to learn not to react with emotion to see it. If you can master   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  not reacting through meditation you will see the true nature of the universe that lies   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  behind the illusion of emotion. In this truth you will see the cause and effect relationship of all things and in that an order which will bring you understanding and comfort.